Tag: Thammasat University

Thammasat University Council has resolved to expand educational opportunities to the region at the Lampang Campus in the year 1996, with the curriculum at the bachelor’s degree, academic service to society and the preservation of arts and culture, responding to the needs of communities in the northern region of Thailand.

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Supreeya Kaewla-iad, Vice Rector for Lampang Campus Administration and Law, Thammasat University said that over the past 30 years, Thammasat University, Lampang Campus, has developed in terms of physical, academic, social services, and network cooperation. This is in line with the strategy of Thammasat University and the goal of establishing Thammasat University, Lampang Campus, which is a university with academic excellence that meets the needs of communities and society.

Physical Development

Thammasat University, Lampang Campus places importance on the safety of its students and personnel as the number one priority. The University improves both the electricity and lighting systems as well as the security system, including building a strong fence along the perimeter of the campus, installing additional closed circuit television cameras (CCTV) in the area in accordance with the Personal Data Protection Law, and improving buildings, premises, and equipment to be well-maintained.

In addition, in terms of transportation, the university has developed a transportation system that connect on campus students to other living areas by purchasing golf carts and electric trams to provide shuttle service for students and personnel which as well constructed a BUS STOP service point along the service route within the university.

Academic Development

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Supreeya said that an important goal is to become a multidisciplinary education center which is the highlight of Thammasat University, Lampang Campus, because in today’s world, solving any problem cannot be solved by one discipline. Therefore, we try our best to promote academics as a combination of various disciplines.

There are projects that demonstrate academic development, for example, a learning exchange program through the Can We Talk? Project. It is an academic promotion project by organizing academic seminars in an online format and a national academic conference project, “Innovation in Education and Research for sustainable development in the future” with academic presentations, academic panel discussions, and eye health check-ups and eye measurements services along with providing eyeglasses to the public by a team of ophthalmologists from Thammasat Hospital, etc.

Social Services Development

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Supreeya stated that Thammasat University, Lampang Campus attaches great importance to the development of social services. It can be seen from the organization of various projects that meet the needs of the community. For example, the Integrated Sub-district Economic and Social Enhancement Project, or U2T, currently Thammasat University, Lampang Campus works in 48 sub-districts, creating employment for more than 960 people by working with government, private sector and people in each area in bringing knowledge, technology and innovation and help improve the economy and society in the sub-district.

Apart from that, there is also a project to develop the potential of community product entrepreneurs to the online market. It is a training project to educate both theoretical and practical knowledge in order to develop the potential of community product entrepreneurs to gain knowledge and understanding of online marketing. Thammasat University, Lampang Campus has supported community products by creating the TU to share online shop platform as a distribution channel for community products and souvenirs.

There is also a project to improve the community museum. Thammasat University, Lampang Campus has renovated the Wat Pongsanook Nuea Museum and Wat Phra That Sadet Museum into a learning center for history, ancient sites, antiquities, which are local Lanna cultural heritages, enabling future generations to continue disseminating knowledge of local cultural history.

Cooperation Networks Development

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Supreeya said that we have an important cooperation network, which is a network of cooperation with alumnis by sending off e-Newsletters on a regular basis for alumni to get to know the possibilities of the university and get involved through various projects such as fundraising and volunteer programs for community development. It also establishes a network of partnerships with government, private organizations and relevant civil society in which the university has arranged to discuss cooperation projects to gather the strengths of each party and exchange through projects such as trainings, internship programs, etc.

Atthaphon Meephan, a 3rd year student majoring in textiles design, Faculty of Fine and Applied Arts, Thammasat University received the first prize in the silk pattern design contest with the work “Thong Rai, Thong Na (Paddy Fields)” from The 4th Next Big Silk Designer Contest organized by the Association of Thai Silk and Culture Promotion that presents creative aesthetic through practical design, extending into business and as well encourage people to wear more Thai fabrics. It also promotes Thai fabric entrepreneurs to remain and grow sustainably. The submitted works must have a blend of applied design harmoniously and beautifully, and with contemporary Thai identity. This contest is opened to students from both public and private institutions nationwide, and is honoured by a panel of experts and famous designers of Thailand as judges.

Atthaphon Meephan revealed that the process of designing the fabric pattern of the work “Paddy Fields” started from searching for photos that match his main inspiration. After that, he began sketching the shape that he was interested in from all the information gathered, then reduce the shapes into a graphic pattern and bring each part of the shapes to create a pattern template. After obtaining the pattern template, the pattern template was then stitched together by aligning, reversing, alternating, or constantly rotating, etc., then choose to use local varieties of Thai silk from Sisaket Province that is, a thin silk thread. This type of silk is selected because the thread is smooth and glossy, making the fabric weaved out light and shiny.

Atthaphon said that this work was inspired by the agricultural work of the farmers, namely terrace rice planting in the northern region. Therefore, the rectangular shape of the rice fields is stacked in layers, blended with the curving mountain paths which then refined to become a new pattern that is more contemporary. The yellow colour of the paddy grains is used as a reminiscence of abundance. Then bolden up using brown and black colour of minerals in the soil on the mountains which give a sense of strength and durability, therefore becoming a fabric that reflects the power of the strength of agriculture that continues to create fertility at all time.

In the future, this fabric pattern will be used in production by the local communities in order to generate and distribute income to the local people and use the fabrics to various design products such as bags which may matched together with other materials such as leather, canvas, or making costumes, etc.

“The reason behind the judges’ preference and decision for us to be the winning team is probably the use of contrasting shades which make the canvas more dimensional, and that the shape of the pattern has been refined to be more contemporary and not overly complicated. By winning the prize, I feel happy as it is one of the opportunities that allow us to create works and present to everyone. It makes us learn more things such as task planning, time allocation and errors that occur during the progress, and further use it to develop other works to be better in the future.”Atthaphon concluded.

In addition, other students from the Faculty of Fine and Applied Arts, Thammasat University namely, Punyawee Chantorn, 3rd year student majoring in fashion design with the work title: “Mother’ Forest” won the second runner-up award for Thai Silk Dress Design Contest, named and Panuwat Chansiri, 3rd year student majoring in fashion design with the work title: ‘Thai Fighting Fish’ won the honorable mention award for Thai Silk Dress Design Contest from the same project as well.

Thammasat University won the “Friendly Design Award 2022” from the 6th Thailand Friendly Design Expo on December 15, 2022 in the category of “Institution for All People”. As an educational institution that is outstanding in facilitating and creating friendly designs in order for everyone to equally access and utilize, and are friendly to all people. This is the fifth year in a row for Thammsat to receive the award, in which Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chumkhet Sawaengcharoen, Vice Rector for Administration of Rangsit Center for Physical Education, Thammasat University also received an award under the “Friendly Design Role Model” category for the sixth time in a row.

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chumkhet Sawaengcharoen, Vice Rector for Administration of Rangsit Center for Physical Education, Thammasat University revealed that in the year 2022, the physical area within the university has been improved by constructing over 100 ramps to facilitate those who use wheelchairs, including upgrading all electric buses (EV Bus) to all be accessible to people with disabilities which is In parallel with the creation of the TU Around application for visually impaired students to check the parking spots according to the signs through the application.

In addition, Thammasat has developed innovations to promote equality for Thai society through designs, inventions, and social innovations created to enhance the quality of life for all groups of people and reduce social inequality, such as Ban Saen Yue Dee for the elderly with disabilities of the Thammasat University Universal Design Research Unit, mobile odor-restricted urinal from the Faculty of Nursing, and electric wheelchairs for people with leg impairments from the Faculty of Engineering.

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chumkhet further said that especially about monetization and careers for people with disabilities, which is an important factor that will allow such group of people to overcome hardships. The Faculty of Architecture and Planning, Thammasat University and the Thammasat University Universal Design Research Unit which have foreseen the aspect, therefore, designed a career kiosk for the disabled to be able to sell products right on their wheelchair with the proportion and formats designed to support this particular group of users in order to conduct occupational tasks within a limited area.

“This is considered a correlation between the government policy that wishes to offer employment opportunities and the private sector that wishes to promote the careers for people with disabilities. Hence, our role is the designer who will provide academic services and develop further until we obtain designs that can literally be used in real life,”said Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chumkhet.

In this regard, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chumkhet Sawaengcharoen, Vice Rector for Administration of Rangsit Center for Physical Education, Thammasat University also received the ‘Friendly Design Awards 2022’ under the category of “Friendly Design Role Model” from the 6th Thailand Friendly Design Expo

Thammasat University joins hands with SkillLane to adapt to the future with TUXSA, an online master’s degree program that helps Thammasat University return to being “Digital Academic Marketplace” that meets the needs of the modern world, entering its 4th year of success with more than 16,000 learners, including graduates in 2022.

Nowadays, people’s learning styles have changed, nor does it need to be learned only in the classroom and may not be required to study at university. At the same time, the labor market situation has changed. The research indicates that in the next 5 years, 85 million jobs worldwide will disappear and more than 97 million new jobs will be created, resulting in the new labor market, which may cause the phenomenon of many people being jobless and various emerging jobs do not have the right skilled people to do it. These changes raise important questions: “Is the university still necessary?” and “If the university will continue to survive, how should it adapt and play a role?”

Thammasat University, Thailand’s leading university, has answered these questions by adapting to meet the needs of the future, launching TUXSA, an online master’s degree program that delivers future skills to Thai people. This master’s degree program both meets the learning needs of modern learners and the future labor market at the same time.

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pipop Udon, Vice President for Academic Affairs, Thammasat University said that Thammasat University is now 88 years old and is very alchemical. However, this alchemy may not catch up with the world. Therefore, we have to go back to being 18 again, as we will meet the needs of the new generation in a technology-driven world. But our working principle is to not investing in anything that you are not proficient in. Instead, find a partner who is good at this. That’s why we’ve teamed up with education technology start-ups to create TUXSA, the online master’s degree with a new way of learning.

The 7 highlights of the TUXSA curriculum are:

– Providing students the opportunity to access the knowledge they need from anywhere at anytime.

– Students are able study only the subjects that interest them.

– If choosing to study the entire course, students will receive a master’s degree with the equivalent honor and privilege as any other general master’s degree.

– Able to plan the cost of studying.

– Saving travel expenses

– Course content developed to meet the needs of learners.

– Able to study while working, maintaining job opportunities

Currently, TUXSA offers 2 courses which are Master of Business Administration Program in Business Innovation (M.B.A. Business Innovation) which has already been acknowledged by the Office of the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation (MHESI) and Master of Science Program in Digital Business Transformation, majoring in Data Science (M.S. Digital Business Transformation).

“When Thammasat University was established, we were an open university and were accessible to everyone. When we changed to a close university, the number of seats is then limited. People entering Thammasat University have to go through many selection processes. The launch of our TUXSA online master’s degree is considered a “Back to the Future, bringing Thammasat back to its original roots as an academic marketplace, yet technology has pushed us beyond the limitations of seats, time, place and cost. This allows us to respond to new learning needs for people in every generation,” Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pipop concluded.

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Phaiwan Satthanon, Dean of the Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University revealed that currently, personnel in the health profession are not limited to a career in the hospital only, as nowadays ‘healthcare’ is a trend both in Thai society and globally, especially after the COVID-19 crisis. The business sector agrees that the opportunity of Thailand is wellness tourism, including the business of providing medical wellness services at the cost of Thailand’s treasure, both resources, potential, travel, and most importantly, personnel potential and health service provision including national policies that promote such businesses. This leads to the growth of opportunities for healthcare professionals to become entrepreneurs or business owner from small to large by their own or even perform duties within government or private organizations that will expand to accommodate the increasing demand for health services.

In addition, Thailand has now entered an aging society while, the value of having children of the new generation is decreasing. This reflects that in the near future, businesses related to health services will grow exponentially. An obvious and growing example is the emergence of new private sector businesses that support health systems and government services, both health promotion and disease prevention, including services that cover the physical rehabilitation of patients. For example, the opening of a medical technical laboratory, wellness center of sports science, elderly care centers or patients with chronic illnesses, and quality of life care for terminally ill patients and their families that focus on reducing physical, mental, social and spiritual suffering such as palliative care centers, etc.

Moreover, in modern times, especially when the communication system, public relations and social media can reach large groups of people without limits. The provision of health services is therefore not limited to a place or that required a complex system. On the other hand, the new generation sees opportunities to build careers and health businesses online, such as giving advice, or as a health consultant or exercise therefore, having a background in health sciences will be an advantage in the future.

Dean of the Faculty of Allied Health Sciences said that the Faculty of Allied Health Sciences has always followed the trend of society and the world including cooperation with both the government and private business sectors. Therefore, we can see the tendency of increasing health demands, whether it is entering an aging society in many countries around the world, development of medical genomics, precision medicine and personalized medicine, including the promotion and care of health at early stage. These visions are considered to increase career opportunities for graduates from each program of the Faculty of Allied Health Sciences.

Prof. Dr. Phaiwan went on to say that the Faculty of Allied Health Sciences curriculum is developed based on meeting the needs of Thai society as well as adapting to the current and future world trends. This will allow graduates who complete each program to have a wide range of career options in order to support the needs of both the government and business sectors, and especially the current direction that is more open and no longer limited only to working as a medical personnel in the public sector.

Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University is strong in the diversity of its undergraduate programs, which include six areas: medical technology, physiotherapy, sport and exercise science, sports management, sports coaching, and radiological as well as postgraduate programs with a focus on cutting-edge research. In addition, there are activities both within and outside the curriculum through collaboration between government and private agencies, both domestically and internationally. We as well have a learning platform for real practice through the Health Service Center of the Faculty of Allied Health Sciences which has conducted activities in both business forms to earn income and forms of corporate social responsibility activities, thus combining both the ability to manage business along with having a public mind that works for society as well.

“We foster the skills needed today that are different from the past. We try to give our students choices and to obtain a variety of skills, including important soft skills, be ready and able to seize opportunities that arise, thus making our curriculum strong and that graduates are ready to keep up with current and future changes,” stated the Dean of the Faculty of Allied Health Sciences.

A lecturer from the Faculty of Learning Sciences and Education, Thammasat University, has presented the results of research on mental health among LGBTIQNA+ youth in Thailand, conducted in collaboration with the Faculty of Nursing and the Department of Psychology at the Faculty of Liberal Arts at Thammasat as well as Save the Children (Thailand) Foundation and the Behavioral Science Research Institute at Srinakharinwirot University, at an event titled ‘HEARTS MATTER: Mental Health of Children and Youth with Diverse SOGIESC’ event held at Sam Yan Co-op, organized by Save the Children (Thailand) Foundation together with the Department of Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health.

Dr. Timo Tapani Ojanen, Lecturer from the Faculty of Learning Sciences and Education, Thammasat University, representing the research team, said: “ Our findings clearly show that being a victim of violence, discrimination, or being forced to try to fit in society’s gender and sexuality norms are all bad for the mental health of LGBTIQNA+ children and youth. Other than that, more than half of our participants felt that in the past year, they had problems serious enough to go see a mental health professional, but out of those who felt that way, only one in five actually did receive mental health services, reflecting various problems in accessing these services. Overall, I think we need to address those root causes of mental health problems, and provide more options for LGBTIQNA+ children and youth to receive mental health services that they actually can access and feel comfortable using.”

Dr. Amporn Benjaponpitak, MD., Director General, Department of Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, who gave opening remarks at the event said that the results of the Mental Health Check conducted by the Department of Mental Health in the past 6 months, indicated that 34,579 people under the age of 20 had a major mental health problem, namely high stress, depression, or the risk of suicide, which is higher than in all other age groups, in part due to the crisis caused by the COVID-19 outbreak.

Children and youth are increasingly affected by mental health problems. In particular, the mental health of LGBTIQNA+ children and youth is even more threatened, both by lack of support (for example from friends), the inability to express themselves openly at home, or even experiencing violence. Some children and youth are under pressure or are being harmed by those around them, whether family, people at their school, or people in their community, only because they do not conform to society’s gender and sexuality norms.

The research investigated mental health issues among LGBTIQNA+ youth aged between 15 to 24 years in Thailand through an online questionnaire that was completed by 3,094 participants, and 38 online interviews. The results showed that 70-80% of the participants had symptoms of anxiety and depression. This group of youths were subjected to various forms of violence, for example, 75.8% had been ridiculed, 42.4% had been forced to try to change their gender identity or sexual orientation, and more than half had experienced sexual harassment either online or offline.

Teams of Engineering Students, Thammasat University won the first prize in the Global Student Innovation Challenge (gSIC 2022). NSTDA was in collaboration with CREATe Asia cooperation group to organize the 15th international academic conference on rehabilitation engineering and facilities technology (i-CREATe 2022) at the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in a hybrid format.

The Global Student Innovation Challenge (gSIC 2022) has inventions from students who have been selected and participated in the final competition from 5 economic zones, namely Thailand, the Republic of Singapore, the People’s Republic of China, and Hong Kong and Taiwan Special Administrative Regions, with a total of 40 entries. The contest is divided into 2 categories: Innovations for people with disabilities and the elderly (Technology Category) and Innovative design works for people with disabilities and the elderly (Design Category)

As a result, a team from Thammasat University received a Gold Award for innovative design for the disabled and the elderly in the work “New design power wheelchair for easy transfer” developed by Ms. Thanrada Wiriyasubudom, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mr. Supasin Somboondee, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mr. Kavin Sirichantakul, Department of Mechanical Engineering, TEP Program, having Asst. Prof. Dr. Banyong Rungrueangduayboon, Lecturer at the Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University as an advisor.

Ms. Thanrada Wiriyasubudom revealed that the idea starts from the fact that we see that the movement of people with disabilities nowadays is difficult, especially moving from a wheelchair to a chair or toilet seat in which people with disabilities have to exert a lot. This gave us the idea of whether it was easier or not if a disabled person can move from behind and are able to get in and out of the wheelchair without having to lift their bodies up.

This innovation is an electric wheelchair for paraplegics. This electric wheelchair can be accessed from behind. There is a stand system to increase the convenience of disabled people in their daily life and remote control of electric wheelchairs via mobile to facilitate retrieving or removing the wheelchair.

Mr. Supasin Somboondee said that it increases the convenience for the disabled in every aspect, whether it is designed to allow them to enter and exit the vehicle and move with minimal force, as well as with a seat height adjustment system so a handicapped person can adjust the height of the chair or toilet seat to suit their mobility.

Mr. Kawin Sirichantakul added that this electric wheelchair has been used by people with disabilities and it generally works fine. However, there are still bugs that need to be addressed. We have begun planning to develop a smaller wheelchair that can be used even in confined spaces and is easier to move. With our work as a front-wheel drive, it may take some time for the users to be familiar with controlling the wheelchair so that people with disabilities or the elderly can access our wheelchairs more easily.

“The very first feeling after receiving the first prize was shocking. But when it was gone, we were very happy. The tiredness or difficulty in working in the past is completely gone. By the time of receiving the award, we felt that people have seen the benefits of our wheelchairs and it is really worth designing and building the wheelchair,” said Kawin.

In addition, another team of students from the Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University also won a Gold Award for technology for people with disabilities and the elderly from the same stage in the work “Design and development of physical therapy upper limb device with symmetrical reflections mechanism” developed by Mr. Methasit Kiatchaipha, Master’s degree student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ms. Thanyaporn Wongwatcharanon, Ph.D. student, Medical Engineering and Mr. Abul Kashem Tahmid Shahriar, Master’s degree student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, having Asst. Prof. Dr. Banyong Rungrueangduayboon, Faculty of Engineering and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Patcharee Khunkhamchu, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy as advisors.

 

Students from the Faculty of Fine and Applied Arts, Thammasat University received awards from the Cultural Textiles Awards 2022 of the Department of Cultural Promotion, Ministry of Culture to extend the design of Thai textiles to the international stage. This year, students of the Faculty of Fine and Applied Arts, Thammasat University received a total of 8 awards in various categories, and alumni of the Faculty of Fine and Applied Arts received 3 other awards, including the first prize in the creative textile category.

Creative textile Category

Saksit Pattaraprakit received the first prize for the work entitled “NEO-ZENKON NAKHON”

Petcharat Phrompool received the second runner-up award for the work entitled “In to the city”

Jesadaporn Sawatdiphan received an honorable mention for the work entitled “The rebirth of Andaman”

Natthanon Sangdaeng received an honorable mention for the work “Serpenti (Skin and Pattern of Snake)”

Silk Category

Thananuch Makdee received an honorable mention for the work entitled “Color of the wind”

Attaphon Meephan received an honorable mention for the work entitled “Return”

Cotton Category

Pemika Piahiang received the first runner-up award for the work entitled “Muang Khong” (Muang Khong Sub-District, Chiang Dao District, Chiang Mai Province)

Thatchet Prabpram received the second runner-up award for the work entitled “See Sea”

Nattaporn Jangpho received an honorable mention for the work entitled “The Riverside”

Pareeyuth Thongbamrer received an honorable mention for the work entitled “Khai Rang”

Rattawan Ruangsamut received an honorable mention for the work entitled “Nang Nuan”

The Faculty of Public Health at Thammasat University in collaboration with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) jointly organized a course for both Thai and international graduates of the Faculty of Public Health on “Health in Detention”.

The course has been in development since 2017, making Thammasat the first university in Asia-Pacific to offer this course. The objective is to allow attendees to obtain basic knowledge in promoting, preventing, and taking care of the health of prisoners. They also have access to the health system, the justice system, and medical ethics including social and environmental factors affecting the health of prisoners including exchanging
knowledge with the on-site officers.

Asst. Prof. Dr. Wannapha Naravej, Lecturer of the Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University said that the “Raising Awareness of Health in Detention Course” of the Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University is included as part of the Master’s degree program in Global Health under GH 662 Health in Detention subject. This year, the course is organized in the form of a Hybrid class (Onsite & Online) with the objectives to enhance learning and understanding of the detention system and the problem of the prison population. Special emphasis will be placed on the role of human rights and professional ethics in providing well-being to men, women, and children in detention and detention internationally in the wake of COVID-19.

The course has been honored by lecturers who are experts in various disciplines, such as representatives of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Department of Corrections, Ministry of Justice, Thailand Institute of Justice, Ministry of Public Health as well as professors and experts in Global Health, Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University.

 

Puey Ungphakorn School of Development Studies, Thammasat University, and the Community Organizations Development Institute (CODI) signed a memorandum of cooperation, with the School supporting academic and research work, while the CODI will support knowledge in community development works in all dimensions and all issues while various community organizations are more than ready to be our partners in the development of the goal to “build strong communities towards sustainable development where local communities possess a good quality of life and are self-reliant.”

Asst. Prof. Dr. Nitinant Wisaweisuan, Dean of the Puey Ungphakorn School of Development Studies, said that the school is pleased that the two organizations will closely work together in developing strong communities towards sustainable development where local communities possess a good quality of life and are self-reliant. The school is prompt to support the mission of the CODI for sustainable community development, and most importantly is to support academic services to develop the potential of organization leaders and personnel of the CODI through joint research including community and social development that will lead to social development innovation creation.

In addition, there are also various courses to promote the personnel of the CODI to pursue their study at the master’s degree level which leads to the development of personnel potential. The school also provides students the opportunity to conduct community research, then facilitate such knowledge as part of the study and be able to transfer the credits. The collaboration of the two agencies therefore will be jointly developing personnel from the youth level to local practitioners in order to foster a sustainable strong community. Apart from that, the school will coordinate with the private business sector and the government sector in designing a curriculum for developing a network of cooperation to support the work of community organizations in relevance to the school’s potential and expertise as well as supporting personnel to work together to strengthen the area. This is a crucial step for the two agencies to work together in academic services as a tool for achieving sustainable development goals.

In the event, there are also activities for students from the school to participate in and study the work process of the CODI in the development of the local communities using the concept of community organization as the core and area as the starting point, as well as the role of the community organization procession and driving the development work from the foundation which strive towards concrete development driving by using projects to improve the quality of life for low-income people in urban and rural areas as a tool and the power of the new generation through development work in the area, etc.