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Mining University’s new strategy on postgraduate education shortens innovation cycle

Posted on by St. Petersburg Mining University

The Saint-Petersburg Mining University motivates postgraduate students to take on scientific projects of applied value. In addition, it facilitates their solutions’ development over the entire period – from coming up with an idea to presenting a thesis paper.

As mining companies have a great interest in introducing the newest scientific developments as soon as possible, Mining University elaborated a viable mechanism for the education of postgraduate students.

It encompasses all stages and ends in the thesis project. The research work carried out throughout studies is subject to a rigorous plan with a well-established system of control and motivation, which finally leads to gaining the required competencies.

Postgraduate students are encouraged to start early on research activities. The new guideline on conducting laboratory works serves the purpose. Yet before proceeding to further education, undergraduates have an amount of laboratory work to accomplish. Since there is no pre-defined time for this, they can choose how and when to do it individually.

As a result of Mining University’s comprehensive approach to improving postgraduate training, 80% of its PhD students decide to continue working at the university upon completing their studies.

Some most recent successfully presented theses include works of Angelika Yeremeyeva and Shamil Islamov. Both St. Petersburg Mining University’s PhD students completed their education half a year ahead of schedule. One of them researched the cost reduction of repairing oil wells. The other focused on improving the working conditions of underground staff at coal mines.

Angelika Yeremeyeva offered an alternative technology to reduce the concentration of harmful gases emitted in coal mines whilst operating diesel-hydraulic locomotives. The technology has been already licensed and protected by four patents.

Shamil Islamov’s thesis is devoted to optimising the preparatory process before commencing the underground repair of oil wells.

TPU scientists produce cheap and high-quality gasoline

Posted on by Tomsk Polytechnic University

Scientists of Tomsk Polytechnic University (TPU) have discovered how to produce high-quality gasoline of all standards from by-products of gas production. According to the authors of the research work, new technology is notable for its simplicity and will enable oil and gas producers to switch to self-sufficiency in fuel. The research findings are published in the Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering.

Stable gas condensates (SGC) are a by-product of natural gas processing. The scientists noted that in most reservoirs, for lack of better use options, they are blended with oil to improve its fluidity and facilitate transportation.

The TPU scientists claim that SGCs are a valuable hydrocarbon feedstock. The scientists believe that processing them into high-octane petrol components using a zeolite catalyst is a more efficient way to use them.

The research of the TPU chemists showed that processing on zeolite enables the octane number of SGC to be increased by an average of 18 points, i.e. to obtain petrol 80 Research Octane Number (RON) in a single technological stage. The scientists also proposed blending formulations for commercial petrol standards: 92 RON, 95 RON, 98 RON based on the by-products of SGC processing.

“We have established the directions of hydrocarbon transformations in the SGC, as well as the impact of processing parameters on the composition and characteristics of the resulting products. This will allow selecting optimal parameters for the most efficient use of condensates of different composition,” Maria Kirgina, Associate Professor of the TPU Division for Chemical Engineering, told Sputnik news agency.

The proposed technology allows extractive enterprises to produce fuel for their own needs, as well as to provide it to a certain territory. Delivering fuel to remote facilities significantly increases the cost of production. Therefore, the scientists believe that the feasibility of moving towards autonomy will prove relevant for a number of regions of the world, for example, for the north of Russia, where many extractive industries operate.

The processing method does not require hydrogen-containing gas or special feedstock preparation, making it possible to implement it even in low-tonnage versions outside large refineries, the scientists stressed.

The advantages of the technology are related to the catalyst used – zeolite, the TPU scientists explained. Zeolites are inexpensive minerals that do not contain noble metals and are resistant to catalyst poisons. The proposed research is the first to implement the processing of stable gas condensates over the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst.

The Compounding software package developed at TPU was used to develop petrol blending recipes and assess their detonation resistance. The next stage of the project is to create a mathematical model to accurately predict the composition and characteristics of the resulting products, the scientists said.

TPU scientists first study composition of pore waters in methane cold seep of Eastern Arctic Seas

Posted on by Tomsk Polytechnic University

Young scientists of Tomsk Polytechnic University as a part of the team of Arctic researchers have studied pore waters in three areas of methane release on the surface. They first managed to define in details the composition of pore waters in the cold methane seeps of the Eastern Arctic seas. The research findings are published in the Water academic journal.

The research was based on the samples obtained during the Arctic expedition aboard the research vessel “Akademik Mstislav Keldysh” in 2019. The scientists and students from 12 scientific institutions, including Tomsk Polytechnic University, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, the Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and others took part in the expedition arranged by the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences jointly with the Ilichev Pacific Oceanological Institute of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

The TPU researchers completed a number of research tasks, including the study of conditions of sediments and pore waters. The pore waters are noteworthy due to their reflection of the composition of seawater and the composition of sediments. Researching the samples of pore waters from the point of view of geochemical, biochemical and hydrochemical data, it is possible to reconstruct processes occurring in the waters and sediments, as well as to forecast the development of the situation.

“During the expedition, we focused on the methane yield areas and the changes of hydrochemical properties in these areas. In total, there were six test cores and 42 samples of pore waters collected at depths of 22 to 68 m. The main focus was on the methane yield areas on the surface. Thuswise, three areas with their features were studied: the Lena River Delta, the continental margin of the Laptev Sea and the central part of the East Siberian Sea. In fact, we compared three cold methane seeps together. Moreover, the samples were collected in the sampling points in the immediate vicinity of methane release on the surface,” Yulia Moiseeva, Research Fellow of the TPU Division for Geology, one of the authors of the article, says.

To collect the samples, the scientists used special filters and vacuum test tubes to exclude oxygen and obtain valid results. A part of the analyses was conducted aboard. For instance, rapidly changing indicators, i.e. biogenous elements such as nitrates, nitrites, phosphates, ammonia and total alkalinity were researched. A more detailed study of the samples was continued in the TPU laboratories.

“Having come back from the expedition, we studied the macro-and microcomponent composition of pore waters that was conducted in the accredited TPU Research Laboratory for Hydrogeochemistry using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The data on 66 elements for every sample were obtained, it allowed us to define geochemical indicators of the presence of cold methane seep: in this context, what elements can be in higher or lower concentrations in comparison with background concentrations,” Darya Purgina, Research Fellow of the TPU Division for Geology, explains.

The scientists managed to define the regional features of the Eastern Arctic seas, including the features of the methane yield areas. For instance, the stations located in the East Siberian Sea are characterized by the high concentration of Mn, Al, Si, P, Fe, Cu, Ba in comparison with the stations in the Laptev Sea, where there was the high concentration of Li, B, V, Br, U and the low concentration of I, Mn.

In general, the concentration of V, Th, P, Al is increased in the methane yield areas, while the concentration of Co, Fe, Mn, U, Mo, Cu is decreased.

“Thus, we first defined a number of elements that can be used as indicators of methane yield. The research is still ongoing to confirm the results. The extended data have already been obtained on the results of the 2020 Arctic expedition. The materials are currently being processed, however, it is already possible to say that the part of the new data confirms the previously obtained results. Furthermore, the extended data will allow reconstructing processes more detailed, which occur in the methane yield areas. The uniqueness of the obtained data lies in the application of modern sampling methods, which allow minimizing failures, as well as obtaining a wide array of elements with high accuracy. The pore waters in the methane yield areas of the Eastern Arctic have not been studied so detailed and comprehensive yet,” the scientists sum up.

The research was conducted with the support of the TPU Competitiveness Enhancement Program.

LETI creates unique micro-optical gyroscope for driverless vehicles

Posted on by Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University

Today, there is an increasing need for the orientation and navigation of small-sized moving objects around the world. The niche of expensive gyroscopes for large vehicles (ships, aircraft, etc.) is already occupied. The decreasing size of controlled objects requires more compact inertial navigation and orientation systems. Under these conditions, the development of relatively cheap and miniature gyroscopes for a wide range of applications becomes one of the prime tasks in this area.

A research team headed by Vladimir Venediktov, Chief Scientific Associate of the Department of Laser Measurement and Navigation Systems of ETU “LETI,” works on the world’s first micro-optical gyroscope based on a circular confocal resonator.

The proposed approach makes use of research on micro-optical resonator gyroscopes based on angular velocity measurement methods. A miniature, cheap, and highly accurate gyroscope can help drones and autonomous cars stay on track without a GPS signal.

“The current trend in modern transportation and logistics systems is to reduce warehouse space, increase the speed and dynamics of commodity flows, reduce the size and automate cargo that delivers goods to a consumer,” says Vladimir Venediktov, “Also, there are many tasks related to maneuverable objects with high and ultra-high accelerations and vibrations. It is essential in pre-crash conditions to ensure stable control of vehicles, which usually have low dynamics of motion, but the crash of which is unacceptable.”

High-performance gyroscopes will be in demand in backup navigation systems for autonomous cars, which are large and expensive devices. For quite a long time, they have been a bottleneck in navigation systems. The devices developed at ETU “LETI” will help remove this obstacle, allowing high-precision and low-cost inertial navigation in most autonomous vehicles. This kind of backup navigation equipment can also be used for pathfinding in places where GPS signals are blocked, for example, inside buildings, helping to speed up the work of warehouse robots.

In 2020, the project of ETU “LETI” researchers got support from the Russian Science Foundation. By 2022, the researchers will develop, create, and test a prototype of a gyroscope.

According to Vladimir Venediktov, it is also possible to solve a wide range of socially significant tasks using these devices. One of the applications is helping seniors who go for a walk alone. The gyroscope records movements and immediately informs about the person’s location in case of an unusual situation.

Italian universities and companies discuss hydrogen economy and climate change with TPU

Posted on by Tomsk Polytechnic University

On April 21, the I Verona Forum Outreach Session was held at the Tomsk Polytechnic University (TPU) venue. Representatives of Russian and Italian public authorities and companies discussed areas and formats of cooperation. Within the Session program, Andrey Yakovlev, Acting Rector of TPU, met Pasquale Terracciano, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Italian Republic to the Russian Federation and Antonio Fallico, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Banca Intesa and President of the Association Conoscere Eurasia.

“Today, we held a very interesting meeting with Andrey Yakovlev, where we discussed opportunities of cooperation between Italy and Russia, including cooperation opportunities at a university level. After my visit, we will plan a trip of the research attache of the Embassy of Italy in Russia so that he will study on the spot all opportunities of research cooperation in the fields of studying climate change, in particular, in the Arctic, and of the hydrogen economy. These are fields, where I consider we can implement joint projects,” Pasquale Terracciano, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Italian Republic to the Russian Federation, said.

The Ambassador and the Acting Rector of TPU discussed opportunities for the participation of Italian universities and companies in the work of the Russian consortium for the development of hydrogen technologies, one of the founders of which is TPU. Pasquale Terracciano noted that a number of Italian companies operating in Russia could become industrial partners of the consortium.

“The world is facing global challenges related to environmental agenda, climate change and overall digitalization. TPU realizes and accepts these challenges. We see plainly that nobody can handle it alone, therefore, we are deeply interested in cooperation with strong partners. We are willing to cooperate in the projects on the study of greenhouse gas emissions in the Arctic, the hydrogen economy, low-tonnage chemistry, healthcare engineering and digitalization,” Andrey Yakovlev said at the meeting with the Ambassador.

“Particularly, we closely monitor the experience of the Italian colleagues on hydrogen technologies. Nowadays, six consortiums for the hydrogen economy operate in Italy. We are willing to cooperate at the level of individual organizations and consortiums in this field.”

In his turn, Antonio Fallico, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Banca Intesa, invited the TPU representatives at the meeting to present their projects and technologies on the venues of the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum in which large Italian companies will take part.

“TPU is well-known not only in Italy but in entire Europe. I have known for a long time about the solid relationships of TPU with Italian universities.

Being a bank, we do not pursue academic research, however, we cooperate with scientific centers in various fields. A separate structure was created by us 10 years ago to support research in a wide range of fields. These are nanotechnologies, biotechnologies, medicine, IT and the Internet of things. We have currently purchased a controlling interest in 37 startups. We provide financing for a number of projects both research and applied manufacturing. We would like to use this meeting at TPU to figure out how we can develop cooperation in education and science,” Antonio Fallico said.

Scientists improve contrast in noninvasive imaging of cancer cells

Posted on by Lyudmila Dozhdikova

A Russian-German research team has come up with a new technique for magnetic resonance imaging of cancer cells. The study, published in Pharmaceutics, shows that heterologous expression of encapsulin systems from Quasibacillus thermotolerans with functional cargo proteins and iron transporter leads to increased contrast in MRI imaging of mammalian tumor cells.

Many advances in cancer treatment would come from a better understanding of tumor biology, particularly the elucidation of carcinogenesis mechanisms.

Currently, the primary method of live-cell imaging is direct labeling of cells with a probe or contrast agent before transplantation. However, any synthetic contrast agent for cell labeling has a critical drawback—it dilutes as the cells divide, which leads to loss of the signal after several cycles of divisions. In contrast, genetically encoded reporters propagate to daughter cells with each cell division. Moreover, because genetically encoded reporters rely on essential cellular processes, their signal is selective for viable cells.

The most commonly studied genetically encoded labels use an optical signal generated by either bioluminescent or fluorescent reporter protein. Although these methods have very high sensitivity, their use is limited by light scattering in biological tissues.

MRI has the advantage of deep tissue penetration with relatively high spatial resolution. Ferritin, a blood protein that contains iron, is the most studied genetically encoded agent so far. Nevertheless, ferritin’s MRI performance is severely limited by its weak magnetic properties and highly conservative structure. The latter excludes significant improvement in ferritin relaxivity by bioengineering.

“One of the most promising approaches is based on the heterologous expression of bacterial protein nanocompartments—encapsulins— in mammalian cells. Encapsulins, which are bacterial protein nanocompartments, can serve as genetically controlled labels for multimodal detection of cells. Such nanocompartments can host various guest molecules inside their lumen,” says Maxim Abakumov, head of the NUST MISIS Biomedical Nanomaterials Laboratory, senior researcher at the Medicinal Nanobiotechnology Department, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University.

“These include, for example, fluorescent proteins or enzymes with ferroxidase activity leading to biomineralization of iron oxide inside the encapsulin nanoshell. Besides, these reporters do not suffer from dilution during cell division.”

In their experiments, a team of scientists from NUST MISIS, V. Serbsky National Medical, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Center Munich have implemented, for the first time, heterologous expression of encapsulin systems from Quasibacillus thermotolerans using a fluorescent reporter protein and ferroxidase in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to produce end products, protein or non-coding RNA, and ultimately affect a phenotype, as the final effect. The researchers loaded the nanoshell with the natural ferroxidase cargo from Q. thermotolerans and a synthetic fluorescent cargo protein derived from mScarlet-I.

The successful expression of self-assembled encapsulin nano compartments with functional cargo proteins was then confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Also, coexpression of encapsulin nanoshells, ferroxidase cargo, and iron transporter led to an increase in contrast in magnetic resonance imaging of cancer cells. The encapsulin cargo system from Q. thermotolerans may be suitable for multimodal imaging of cancer cells, the researhers believe.

Scientists develop a new environment-friendly technology

Posted on by St. Petersburg Mining University

Hydrocarbon losses along the entire supply chain – from a well to a thermal power plant or petrol station – can reach up to 30%. Most of them do not occur because of leaks, which are rather extraordinary events, but because of mismanagement and unwillingness to implement innovations that would improve energy efficiency.

Analysts from Russian pipeline transport company Transneft did some calculations. According to them, annual losses of petroleum products from evaporation while stored in above-ground metal tanks amount to 0.3% of the total product volume. Moreover, this figure is valid only if the tanks are filled by more than 90%. Otherwise, more damage happens, with the losses through evaporation potentially reaching 10%. This situation results in lost revenues for a subsoil user and each of the intermediate agents. Finally, it also causes air pollution by emitting CO2 and other harmful substances, notably heavy metals.

Vadim Fetisov, assistant professor at the Department of Transport and Storage of Oil and Gas in Saint Petersburg Mining University:

“All units for storing and transporting hydrocarbons – be it gas holders, tankers, reservoirs, rail-tank wagons, or any other means – are equipped with vent valves. They are needed to maintain the required pressure inside the storage vessel and remove excessive gas-air mixtures, the overaccumulation of which can lead to an explosion. Unfortunately, light hydrocarbons, which are the valuable raw material for the oil-refining industry, evaporate through the valves. Their emissions reduce the quality of petroleum products and negatively impact the environment.”

One of the most effective ways to overcome the issue is to install a vapour recovery system, which traps petroleum products vapours and sends them back in. The problem here is that such equipment does not enjoy great demand in Russia, with its high price being the primary reason. Market players find it easier to occasionally pay fines than invest in technology. Even domestic models, highly unpopular and therefore existing as one-offs only, cost between 60 to 150 mln roubles. Foreign counterparts manufactured by Jordan Technology or Carbovac (ALMA Group) cost even more.

“We have developed a vapour recovery unit, capable of trapping light hydrocarbons, and soon will launch it into the market. The unit’s price will be only 20 mln roubles: cost reduction will be ensured by simplifying the design and introducing several innovative solutions. We have already been approached by a few Russian and foreign companies, particularly from South Africa and Norway. After all, the pay-off period is only a year and a half. And then the purchaser will start making profits as a result of minimizing losses of petroleum products.”

This new technology is quite simple. Usually, oil vapours via the vent valves enter the atmosphere. In this case, they are let into the discharge pipeline system, pass through the drip pocket, and once become liquid, again sent back into the pipeline. Thereby a looped system emerges, which practically eliminates financial losses and prevents environmental damage.

Such innovations are in particular demand in southern countries, as their climate is characterized by high temperatures. Because of it, the emissions of petroleum vapours exceed those seen in the north by about 1.5 times. However, the pioneer solution would be by no means less useful in the Arctic. The Russian Arctic is advancing by leaps and bounds currently, with no signs of slowing down in the future. Consequently, the task of preserving the Arctic ecosystem becomes even more critical.

Last year, Vadim Fetisov conducted in-depth studies, supported by a grant from Mining University. He and Amir H. Mohammadi, his colleague from the University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, investigated the recovery of oil and petroleum products vapours to reduce CO2 emissions. Following the completion of their work, an article “Evaluation of Pollutant Emissions into the Atmosphere during the Loading of Hydrocarbons in Marine Oil Tankers in the Arctic Region” was published in the Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, part of MDPI.

Scientists develop a safe drug to treat eye inflammation

Posted on by Lyudmila Dozhdikova

The Russian-American research team has presented a new therapeutic method using nanoparticles of an antioxidant enzyme, developed specifically for the eyes. It relieves inflammation and repairs tissue without causing side effects: irritation and allergies, even at high doses. The results of the research are presented in the international scientific journal Biomedicines.

A team of scientists from NUST MISIS, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases and the University of North Carolina solved the problem of overproduction of free radicals by creating multilayer polyion nanoparticles of the superoxide dismutase enzyme (Nano-SOD1), designed specifically for the eyes.

“The ability of Nano-SOD1 to reduce inflammation in the eye was examined in vivo in rabbits with model immunogenic uveitis — the inflammation of the inner vascular tract of the eye. It was shown during preclinical studies that topical instillations of Nano-SOD1 were 35% more effective in reducing the manifestations of uveitis compared to the free enzyme SOD1,” said Alexander Vaneev, engineer of the NUST MISIS Biophysics Research Laboratory, one of the study authors.

“In particular, we noted statistically significant differences in such inflammatory signs of the eye as corneal and conjunctival edema, iris hyperemia and fibrin clots.”

The scientist explained that during the development, the SOD1 nanoparticles previously created by the team were used. However, the new formulation was specially manufactured for topical use in ophthalmology. Optimization of the technology made it possible to increase the efficiency in obtaining Nano-SOD1, as well as to achieve the greatest degree of drug stability.

According to the researchers, Nano-SOD1 penetrates into the inner structures of the eye more than 2 times more efficiently than SOD1 itself. It is much better retained on the surface of the cornea and retains enzyme activity in the eye for a much longer time than the regular SOD1 enzyme without inclusion in the composition of nanoparticles. Scientists have observed inflammation decrease and restoration of antioxidant activity in the eyes.

At the same time, scientists have found during tests that Nano-SOD1 does not show any toxicity (eye irritation, acute, chronic and reproductive toxicity, allergenicity, immunogenicity, mutagenicity) in a wide concentration range and even at extremely high doses used.

At the moment, the developers continue a series of preclinical trials of the obtained drug.

TPU professor becomes Fellow of world’ largest professional engineering institution

Posted on by Tomsk Polytechnic University

Dushanta Nalin Kumara Dzhayakodi Jayakody Arachshiladzh, Professor of the TPU Research Center for Automation and Information Technology, has been elected Fellow at the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET, Great Britain).

It is the highest grade at the IET awarding to high achievers, those respected professionals who achieved outstanding results for a few years.

The IET is the largest multidisciplinary professional engineering institution in the world. It includes the Institution of Electrical Engineers established in 1871 and the Institution of Incorporated Engineers dating back to 1884. Its worldwide membership is currently in excess of 160,000 in 150 countries.

Fellows of the IET must meet the following criteria: leadership, responsibility, insight and experience, creativity, innovation, enterprise, service, repute, influence and contribution.

As it is reported on the official website of the IET, Fellowship helps experts to increase their professional value, as well as to share their experience and knowledge with the international engineering community. Thus, Fellows of the IET can be experts and speakers in mass media, specialized lecturers at the relevant events.

“Fellows are important for the IET and its mission as they inspire current and future engineers, inform the engineering community and impact the development of the profession,” noted on the website.

TPU Professor Dushantha Jayakody heads the international team of experts conducting research work in 5G, the fifth generation technology standard for broadband cellular networks. The next generation of 5G mobile technologies varies from the previous one by a rattling good data transfer rate. It surpasses indicators in the operating wireless network by several dozen folds. Moreover, 5G reduces signal delay.

It is especially important for development, for instance, technologies of self-driving cars, where signal delay can be crucial. Nowadays, research teams and large companies around the world work at 5G technologies to increase the data transfer rate and its quality.

The research team of Professor Jayakody conducts research on these problems at TPU as well. Therefore, the researchers have developed an algorithm that allows transferring energy from one device to another along with a radio signal in the context of a cellular network bypassing a base station, a gatekeeper. That is during a cellular phone call, electromagnetic waves transfer energy from one smartphone to another and this energy can be enough for charging a cellular phone.

ETU-LETI student designs an autonomous boat to monitor environment

Posted on by Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University

Georgy Kolev, a second-year master’s student of Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University (ETU-LETI), has proposed using an autonomous bota as a solution to the problem of water body monitoring. The project of a second-year master’s student of the Faculty of Computer Science and Technology of ETU “LETI” won the UMNIK competition. The young researcher will implement it using a grant under the guidance of Denis Butusov, Director of the Youth Research Institute.

 

The boat is designed to monitor water areas within 50 km from the mobile base. It is 125 cm long, weighs 25 kg, and has navigation and computer vision systems and an electric engine with Li-ion batteries, complemented with a solar battery module if necessary. It can be used in hydrographic and rescue operations, ecological monitoring of natural and artificial water bodies. The payload of the boat is up to 15 kg.

The modular design of the boat makes it easy to adapt it for various tasks using additional
subsystems. Researchers have already successfully tested the prototype in Lake
Ladoga.

“The advantage of the boat is its relatively small size, allowing transportation by car, and low cost. We have conducted another round of field tests recently. At the moment, we develop a more advanced version of the boat, while the current one will be used for debugging navigation and computer vision systems. We also conducted hydrodynamic tests on the efficiency of propellers of different shapes, evaluating the propeller thrust direction and maximum rpm. The propellers were modeled in the CAD program and printed using a 3D printer,” says the developer of the boat.

The boat will be interesting for small fish-farming companies, which are currently monitoring water areas manually, using motorboats equipped with the necessary sensors,
which leads to additional pollution of water and financial costs.