Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU) scientists have invented a novel contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which enables real-time visualization and detection of the size and number of amyloid-beta in the brain, the main hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
The invention offers hope for early detection and large-scale routine screening of AD. It can also help to assess the efficacy of drugs used to treat it.
Lack of contrast agent to visualize amyloid-beta
AD is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that constitutes 60 to 70 percent of dementia cases. It is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) in the brain. Real-time visualization of Aβ contents in the brain is crucial for the diagnosis of AD and the monitoring of the disease’s progression.
A positron emission tomography (PET) scan is currently the clinical method used to visualize Aβ. But this method is expensive, invasive, and radioactive, with limited image resolution. MRI is a more widely used clinical imaging tool, which requires a contrast agent to enhance the visibility of targeted objects in a specific location. However, at present, there is no clinically approved MRI contrast agent available for the real-time imaging of Aβ in human brains.
Nanoparticles with silica layer as novel MRI contrast agent
A research team led by Professor Ricky Wong Man-shing and Professor Li Hung-wing, Professors of the Department of Chemistry at HKBU, has created a novel nanomaterial for Aβ imaging.
It loads and coats gadolinium-based nanoparticles, a chemical substance commonly used as an MRI contrast agent, with a specially designed silica layer that can accommodate a proprietary, non-cytotoxic fluorescent cyanine dye. The cyanine dye is an organic compound used to visualize and quantify Aβ proteins.
The dye-adsorbed silica coating layer turns the gadolinium-based nanoparticles into a bio-compatible, bio-stable and non-toxic agent that is permeable to the cell membrane, can penetrate blood-brain barriers, and is neuroprotective for practical biomedical applications.
Most importantly, in model experiments with mice, the modified nanoparticles can bind with Aβ contents and enhance magnetic resonance signals (i.e., electromagnetic waves), and differentiate Aβ contents in the brain in terms of size and number when MRI is applied.
“By modifying the surface functionalized layer of the gadolinium-based nanoparticles, we have developed a versatile and sensitive MRI contrast agent for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease which was proved effective in the mouse model,” said Professor Wong.
Passes through blood-brain barriers to bind with Aβ contents
In the mouse model experiments, HKBU researchers injected the modified nanoparticles into both transgenic mice with over-expressed Aβ and mice of the control group.
MRI of their brains showed that the magnetic signals were stronger and longer in the transgenic mice, which proved that the modified nanoparticles had passed through blood-brain barriers to bind with Aβ contents in the brain.
Clinical observation showed that the size and number of Aβ spots in human brains increase with the age of AD patients. In line with this, the research team observed that the brightness of the brain sections of transgenic mice increased with their age, and their magnetic resonance signal intensity was generally higher than that in the mice of the control group.
More bright spots were also found in older transgenic mice whereas almost no bright spots could be seen in the mice of the control group. All these results demonstrated the sensitivity and effectiveness of the modified nanoparticles in Aβ targeting and imaging.
Promising application in AD diagnosis
“The research findings show that our invention demonstrates great potential for the early detection and routine screening of Alzheimer’s disease. It can also help monitor disease progression and assess the efficacy of potential drugs,” said Professor Li.
With the invention and clinical application of an effective MRI contrast agent for AD, large-scale routine screening for the disease will become possible, enabling early diagnosis and treatment that can achieve better clinical care for patients and reduce public healthcare burdens.
Furthermore, experiments conducted by the research team also found that the modified nanoparticles have inhibited the Aβ aggregation process and the neurotoxicity of Aβ effectively. Its high therapeutic potential for AD is another direction of investigation for the research team in the future.
The research discovery was published in the international academic journal Advanced Functional Materials.